interactive scene of 1959 walker family murders interactive scene of 1959 walker family murders

Despite these clues, and despite upward of 500 suspects over the years, the case could not be solved. Yes! Some think Christine called one of them on the phone from the McLeod residencethis could have been their way in. There was a bloody and discarded cowboy boot, a cellophane strip from a cigarette wrapper, and a fingerprint on the bathtub faucet. No child had been spared. In her final report in 2013, McGath said she believed there was enough circumstantial evidence to tie Hickock and Smith to the Walker murders. Smith's tooth returned a female DNA profile - that of the examiner who analyzed the bones. The day before, the Walker family had driven into nearby Sarasota to run errands. She also was there when he spoke with former Det. Then she was taken to Jimmies bedroom and raped on the bed before being shot with a .22 firearm. It generated pieces of two people's DNA, one male and one female. Over the next six weeks, Hickock and Smith traveled about 10,000 miles, from Kansas and California to Mexico and Florida. Near her lay the bodies of Cliff and their three-year-old son Jimmie. I am entirely self-funded and if you liked this article, please consider a donation via PayPal as a token of appreciation. But he decided he would wait until something actually happened. Mortally wounded, he crawled to his dead father, seeking his protection. You can join my mailing list for the latest articles and also like my Facebook page. According to the sheriffs department, the Walkers had been considering buying a car of the exact make and model that Hickock and Smith had stolen. It is said that he complained to psychiatrists about homicidal tendencies. 1959. Working at the scene, police began to search the home for evidence and soon discovered that items were missing; some of them seem quite bizarre. The brutal murders of Christine and Cliff Walker and their two children in Osprey, Florida had long been connected to Richard Hickock and Perry Smith of In Cold Blood infamy. A bloodied high heel shoe was found at the scene, suggesting that Christine fought hard against her attacker, and possibly injured him. The Walkers dwelled amongst country folk, whose women were sorted by their morals and men by their prowess roping cattle or catching hogs. Christmas is usually a time of good cheer, good food, and good times spent with family. "I've got mothers calling me who want to get their sons out of prison. Whether they were already in the house or Christine let them in is unknown for sure, but it seems likely the reason the family car was in a different location is that somebody else had parked in the family spot. However, the best suspect at the time was possibly Curtis McCall, a man described as a troublemaker with a history of violence. Blood evidence suggests that he wasnt killed by the first bullet and that the assailant continued to shoot at him while he crawled over to be next to his fathers body. Herbert Clutter, his wife Bonnie, and their two youngest children, Nancy and Kenyon . The . Smith, a drifter from Nevada, had been placed in an orphanage at age 13 after his mother, an alcoholic, choked on her vomit. 2 men found drugged after leaving NYC gay bars were killed, medical examiner says. Perry Smith and Dick Hickock are notorious as the perpetrators of one of the most grisly mass murders of the 20th century: the slaying of four members of the Clutter Family in Kansas in 1959. They found nothing. When they were arrested, they had a pocket knife similar to the one described as missing from Cliff Walkers body. A chilling account of two murders with multiple victims. And what appeared to be a bloody fingerprint on the family's faucet apparently did not match either man. Alongside the items missing, there was also a significant amount of evidence left at the scene by the culprit. If it werent for the DNA, I would certainly find Uncle Elbert the most suspiciouswhy would he have randomly arrived in town that very day? I dont know if anyone ever collected or tested his DNA. In 2010, however, over 50 years after the crime, the Sarasota County Sheriff's Office took another crack at the Walker family murders case. Christine drove home first that afternoon. Ozie Youmans, who was married to Cliffs sister, made unwanted advances toward Christine on multiple occasions. Angered, the two robbers woke the family: Herb, 48; his wife, Bonnie, 45; and their two teenage children Nancy, 16, and Kenyon, 15. This week on Out of the Past: The Walker Family Massacre. About a month earlier, Smith and Hickock slaughtered the four-member Clutter family in Kansas, creating the tragedy that was immortalized in author Truman Capote's 1966 true . But you need dedicated detectives primarily working on cold cases, and across the country in law enforcement, we're not seeing that.". At one lot, Cliff, 24, who spent most of his time atop an Appaloosa horse, considered a two-tone 1956 Chevrolet 210. Clues found during the investigation included a bloody cowboy boot and a fingerprint on the handle of the bathtub faucet. However, the Clutter family killing resulted from false information, with the home deliberately targeted in the belief it contained significant cash. Arriving at the house when Christine was alone, she wouldnt have suspected their real intention. It was hard to imagine, McGath often told Myers, in their sometimes meandering phone calls, that anyone wouldn't classify the men as suspects. In 2019, Clark was able to test the stain again. He'd had an alibi for most of the evening, she explained. Unfortunately, the results proved inconclusive. First, he turned on "Gunsmoke" - their daily routine. This could have been because he was curious or concerned about the other car, but he cant have been too worried, as he left his loaded shotgun in the back of the jeep. He was referring to the Walkers' three hound dogs in the yard - just another stray detail he picked at, worried over. The sheriff had Hickock and Smith's pictures published on the front page of the Sarasota Herald-Tribune. He hooked up his horse trailer, loaded his horse, and set off in good spirits for the day ahead. Authorities acted on a lead that connected the 1959 murder of the Walker family with an earlierand much more famouscrime: the slaying of the Clutter family, the very case thatinspired Truman Capotes groundbreaking book, In Cold Blood. The notes for the planned book ran to 8,000 pages. But they both knew that DNA had so far muddled the picture. He'd lied to Novella before she died in 2021. Baby Debbie, they found in the bathtub, facedown in 4 inches of water, also shot in the head. The Clutter family, along with their assailants, have become infamous over the years. Cliff and Don went hunting, while Christine and Dons wife Lucy stayed behind with the children. A day after they were sentenced to death, Hickock and Smith answered questions about the Florida murders while strapped to a mid-century lie detector test. It was time to give Clark, the Sarasota detective, another nudge. This story is based on more than 8,000 pages of records, most from the Sarasota County Sheriff's Office, but also the Kansas Bureau of Investigation, the Florida Department of Law Enforcement, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and archives of the Sarasota Journal, the Sarasota Herald-Tribune and the St. Petersburg Times. She had never been able to fully put the case aside. She found it interesting that a car the Walkers were test-driving resembled the 1956 Chevy Bel Air the men had stolen in Kansas and driven to Florida. Hopes of solving 1959 quadruple murder cold case are dashed as police fail to connect 'In Cold Blood' killers with slain Florida family. McGath had also considered Wilbur Tooker, Clark's favored suspect and the Walkers' closest neighbor, the one pushy with Christine. The murder is of particular note because it potentially involved the suspects of the murders that inspired the creative non-fiction novel In Cold Blood by Truman Capote. The other two main suspects that people usually bring up are Perry Smith and Richard Hickock, who were hanged for the murder of the Clutter familya crime that occured just weeks before the Walker massacre. These polygraph machines were outrageously unreliable and werent administered by experts, but DNA eliminated all suspicion when they tested the semen in 2005 and McLeod didnt match. "I'm interested foremost in the living cases, where there is a danger to the public or when someone is wrongfully convicted or where a victim is wanting to find an answer," said Hampikian, the DNA expert. Capt. The waitress reported all of this to the police, but didnt provide a name for the man. Within hours, a crush of cars crawled down the shell road just to see where the family had lived. Eyewitnesses have placed men matching their description in Sarasota that day. Capote had insisted that the pair had an alibi for the time of the killings. Three-year-old Jimmie entered the house at the same time as his father and was also shot. Authorities believe that 24-year-old Christine Walker arrived at the family's farm home around 4pm on Saturday, December 19, 1959, where she was raped, then murdered by gunshot. Why not this family of four, too? It was quiet, which was odd as the family was known to rise early. Whether the one-year-olds death came from the bullet wound or the water was never ascertained. Kansas authorities stated that they would process the DNA samples with active cases taking higher priority, and that results would take "weeks or months. In February of 2018, DNA testing found that Smith did not provide the semen at the Walker crime scene. Leonora LaPeter Anton went with Pat Myers to the Sarasota County Sheriff's Office to witness him talking to Det. He was shot from a considerable distance as he entered his home. memorial page for Clifford "Cliff" Walker (16 Oct 1934-19 Dec 1959), Find a Grave Memorial ID . On December 19th, 1959, an entire family was found brutally murdered in Florida. You are here: Home 1 / avia_transparency_logo 2 / News 3 / interactive scene of 1959 walker family murders June 7, 2022 / lawyers against mcfd / in charlie schlatter leukemia / by "Let me say this, Mr. Myers," Clark said. Six days before Christmas 1959, the family went shopping in downtown Sarasota. The town is small, comprising just a few thousand people, and residents enjoyed the relative peace that comes alongside that. Daniel McLeod rose at his ranch and began to set about his day. The list goes on. Courtesy of Las Vegas Review-Journal Archive. So, if youre looking for a publication that will keep you up at night, True Crime Detective is the perfect choice! The pair were among the many suspects given a polygraph which they both passed, being dismissed from the inquiry. The ex-cons thought that the Clutters, who owned River Valley Farm in Holcomb, Kansas, had a safe containing $10,000 in cash in their house. However, in 2012, the Sarasota County Sheriff's Office once again began to . The National Institute of Justice, the research arm of the Department of Justice, has called on agencies to create teams dedicated to handling these seemingly unsolvable cases - more than 100,000 of them from the previous two decades alone. He'd played his violin - badly, according to the conductor - at a concert in Bradenton. Gossip created a lot of fruitless investigations. Im not sure which theory I favor. The floors were soaked with their blood. Some suspect Stanley Mauck, the man who read the meters for the Walker residence, as he was the same meter reader who serviced the home of another recently murdered family. The Clutter murders and subsequent investigation were documented in Truman Capote's true crime novel, In Cold Blood. "It's basically a great mess," McGath said. Peering through the windows, there was a very dim light on inside. A special was scrawled on the chalkboard: half a barbecue chicken and two sides for $7.95. The house was dark as McLeod approached, but as he got closer, he saw a light flickering through the window. Out of ammunition, the killer took the baby to the bathroom and drowned her in the bathtub. This was such a young family. Indeed, the Walker family killings are given several pages in In Cold Blood, the author dismissing any connection. But the next morning, they vanished. For all of the agency's early efforts, even obsession, investigators left stones unturned, resulting in dozens of men in the tiny Sarasota County town living under the frost of suspicion, many until their deaths. Read on to learn about the Walker Family Murders, who were found brutally murdered in their home on December 20, 1959. About a month before the Walker family slaying occurred, the Clutters were killed in their Holcomb, Kansas home by Perry Smith and Richard Dick Hickock. There in tiny Osprey, on the southern tip of the vast Palmer Ranch, the family's nearest neighbor was half a mile away. What is the value of solving an older crime versus a newer one? At around 3:30 PM on December 19, 24-year-old Christine pulled into the family farm after running a few errands. Cliff was ambushed and killed by gunshot. Truman Capote devoted several pages of In Cold Blood to the murder of the Walkers, but ultimately, concluded that Hickock and Smith couldnt have been the killers, as they had alibis. Some thought he was in love with Christine. She told him he had already spoken to the murderer, someone with a face scar who "wore glasses. In 1965, according to FBI statistics, agencies closed 90% of the year's homicides. 2. Some were also bludgeoned . Could they be from Christine's heel? Alex Murdaugh sentenced to life in prison for murders of wife and son, Biden had cancerous skin lesion removed last month, doctor says, White supremacist and Holocaust denier Nick Fuentes kicked out of CPAC, Tom Sizemore, actor known for "Saving Private Ryan" and "Heat," dies at 61, Biden team readies new advisory panel ahead of expected reelection bid, At least 10 dead after winter storm slams South, Midwest, House Democrats unhappy with White House handling of D.C.'s new criminal code. He had also been convicted of attempted rape. A neighbor had observed him in the area the afternoon of the murders. The discovery was interesting as it would be unlikely that a stranger to the area would know the shed. He kept making unwanted advances, and eventually Christine told her husband about her fear. At the same time, DNA analysis has become more exact, especially in the past two decades, with testing that once required a million cells now potentially able to identify someone with a single cell, said DNA expert Greg Hampikian, director of the Idaho Innocence Project and a biology professor at Boise State University. And he did move extraordinarily quickly. Christine had grown up in one of those households. However, while both Smith and Hickock would be dead and buried by the time Capote released his pioneering book, they were still very much at large on December 19, 1959. They were in the area at the time and had already committed one atrocity. Two suspects. It's important to keep that in perspective.". But McGath's supervisors shut down her efforts to gather the men's boots from Kansas. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. Police hope genealogy sites will help solve more cold cases, Colombia wants to deport "cocaine hippos" to stop them from multiplying, Alex Murdaugh found guilty of murders of wife and son, How a tragic boating crash is connected to the family of Alex Murdaugh, killers made infamous in Truman Capote's true crime classic "In Cold Blood. He claimed that he only saw Christine rarely and the last time he had seen her, she had been with her husband. [6], A serial killer named Emmett Monroe Spencer confessed to the murders, but the confession was discredited by Sarasota County Sheriff Ross Boyer, who labeled Spencer a pathological liar. They were shot one by one. The year before, she had convinced a judge in Kansas to exhume the remains of Hickock and Smith to see if their DNA matched an unknown profile in Christine's underwear. But the police stopped investigating him after he passed a polygraph. It doesnt seem like thats what happened to me. Having McLeod take a few polygraphs was the extent of officials investigation of him in the fifties and sixties. After killing four members of the Clutter family in Kansas, 34 days before the Walker murders, Smith and Hickock fled to Florida in a stolen car, and were spotted at least a dozen times between Tallahassee and Miami. There were still gifts underneath the Christmas tree. On December 19, 1959, Christine and Cliff Walker and their two children were murdered at their home in Osprey, Florida. If you nenjoyed this story, please consider purchasing my book: Nordic Noir: 14 Unsolved True Crime Cases available now at Amazon. Richard Luscombe in Miami. ; Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0; additional terms may . In a 2014 email to her supervisors, McGath wrote: "It feels like there's been a negative cloud surrounding me in regards to the cold cases." But science has ruled him out. In early January, Myers called Clark and his boss six times with no reply. In any case, a family was wiped out in the most terrible circumstance, and the killings remain yet another dark and unsolved stain in Floridas long and inglorious criminal history. December 19, 1959 was no doubt a day like any other in Osprey, FL. One assumption is that he was already waiting for her when she got there and that he was the one who was parked in her usual spot. LANSING, Kan. (AP) The bodies of the two men executed for the 1959 murders of a Kansas family that became infamous in Truman Capote's true-crime book "In Cold Blood" were exhumed Tuesday in an . With Hickock and Smith long dead and now reburied, though, its likely their connection to the Walker murders will remain strictly hypothetical. Now her strokes had robbed her of articulation. What exactly had Det. But Jimmie didnt die. Hopes of solving 1959 quadruple murder cold case are dashed as police fail to connect 'In Cold Blood' killers with slain Florida family By Ap Reporter 05:43 14 Aug 2013, updated 09:22 14 Aug 2013 It is strange to think about this being almost a blessing, but it did keep him from seeing what happened to his wife and children. Entering, she wasnt attacked straight away and had enough time to store the groceries before she was ambushed by the assailant or assailants. McLeod didnt know it at the time, but one-year-old Debbie was also dead in the bathroom. Officers found, beneath the car seat, a toddler shirt and a pink jacket that could have matched Christine's dress, as well as an Army gas can and burlap bags that could have come from Cliff's military-style Jeep. Will genealogy sites help solve cold cases? This article was originally published in the Tampa Bay Times. All were shot in the head. Authorities suspected the pair of murderingthe Walkers as well, but could never secure acharge after Hickock and Smith werecleared by the results of a polygraph test. We saw the caution tape scene. Police said 77-year-old Glen Samuel McCurley was in custody Tuesday in connection with the 1974 murder of Carla Jan Walker, who was 17-years-old when she was abducted, held captive and sexually . Richard Eugene "Dick" Hickock and Perry Edward Smith were a team of mass murderers, family annihilators, and robbers responsible for the massacre of the Clutter family after their attempted robbery went astray in 1959. 4 The Walker Family Murder. The bullet killed him instantly. The Walkers' wood frame cottage stood plain and white, surrounded by pasture land and hardwood forest. They were inconclusive. For example, in 1994, a woman called the Sarasota County Sheriffs Office and claimed to be a bartender in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania. Determined not to leave any witnesses, Smith cut Herb Clutters throat and then shot him. He'd met Ella, now 68, on the school bus and proposed to her over the lunch table in high school. Myers asked, five rows of wrinkles amassing above his large blue eyes. They did some grocery shopping, then visited a couple of car lots to look for a new vehicle. My bus unfortunately had no choice but to go on that street. After committing the "In Cold Blood" murder of Herbert Clutter, his wife and two children on Nov. 15, 1959, Smith and Hickock hit the road, hiding out from law enforcement in Mexico and Florida . Though he is thought to have committed several murders, he was only actually convicted of one. The day before she died, Christine told her mother and mother-in-law that Cliff had been in a fight and "liked to got killed yesterday.". Despite what Capote asserted at the time, subsequent investigations have since revealed holes in Hickock and Smiths alibis, and some experts have asserted that polygraph tests of the era were notoriously unreliable. There came a point that his older sister, Novella, couldn't handle going anymore. The items, including shirts, a blouse, and pants, belonged to Cliff and Christine and were all soaked. Meanwhile, Tooker was seen as a local pervert, having tried to kiss Christine in the past, and regularly making indecent propositions. He ran from the house and jumped into the jeep, as his own truck had a trailer attached and he needed to get to a telephone as fast as possible. However, now Christine lay in a pool of blood at the entrance to the living room. He still spoke with the previous detective, who remained convinced Capote's killers were responsible. Clutter's throat was slashed. At some point the assailant moved her body to the living room and made attempts to clean up the scene. Emmett Monroe Spencer was a multi-murderer who was captured some time after the Walker massacre. interactive scene of 1959 walker family murders. Hickock and Smith confessed to the murders of the Clutter family, for which they were hanged in April of 1965. Cliff was shot in the face immediately, followed by Jimmie, the young boy eating a lollipop hed been bought as a treat. A blonde hair was found in Christines dress, and neither Smith nor Hickock were blonde. Sarasota Police sent out county deputies to investigate. That motive has to be discounted in the Walker family case. [1] Her husband Cliff, 25, then arrived with their 3-year-old son Jimmie and 1-year-old daughter Debbie. armed forces vacation club for veterans 082 825 4557; welsh keith brymer jones wife zapperstore.xyz@gmail.com Join Mike and Gibby for this 'Best Of' episode as they discuss the facts of the murders and walk through the various suspects. He realized something must be wrong in the house and took the decision to enter, cutting through the screen door. Don met the deputies at a local grocery and led them to the horrifying scene. By continuing to browse, you accept the use of cookies and other technologies. Still, eight years off the job, she felt a certain duty to him. The long-unsolved Walker murders bore surface similarities to the . Jimmie was curled up next to his dad, blood smeared on his clothes and in his hair, suggesting he'd crawled to his father as the killer shot him three times in the head. Myers felt like he was ricocheting between theories, like a pinball. Myers had grown up around people devastated by the family's deaths, relatives who also made trips over the years to the sheriff's office, who visited Christine's and Cliff's graves and held them close. The entire Walker family was dead, all murdered, including the children. As late as the 1990s, police got a tip from a woman that an elderly gentleman she served at a bar had confessed to her about committing the murders. The same day, they were positively identified at a department store just a few miles away. Knowing they were seen throughout the state looking for work, investigators have theorized that the duo bumped into the Walker family and got talking or simply contacted them, either way under the pretense that they were planning on selling the vehicle. An agency spokesperson declined to comment. The 1959 murder of Herbert Clutter and his wife and kids in Holcomb, Kansas by Perry Smith and Richard Hickock was, by itself, rather unextraordinary. McLeod hastily ran from the house and called the police. Admit killing one family but not the other. But Myers observed that letting the case languish, passing it from one detective to another and failing to exhume Christine 15 years ago to obtain her DNA, as he and his sister had asked, had cost the agency more money and delayed the results. [Via: Wikipedia; NY Daily News; Tampa Bay Times;Daily Mail], Featured Photo of The Walkers: What Lies Beyond. Lucy wasnt one to eavesdrop, so all she remembered from hearing one side of her friend's conversation was that at one point they were talking about exchanging their current car. The Walker family and the utter family. Its theorized that the outlaws were interested in dumping the car they were currently using, and when they learned the Walkers were in the market, proposed an exchange. Recently, she'd told Myers she'd found a picture of Hickock with two small marks on his chin. Authorities acted on a lead that connected the 1959 murder of the Walker family with an earlierand much more famouscrime: the slaying of the Clutter family, the very case that inspired Truman Capote's groundbreaking book, In Cold Blood. Twenty-four-year-old Christine Walker was raped before being shot to death, while Christines husband Cliff, 25, and their children, three-year-old Jimmie and one-year-old Debbie, were all shot to death. Kansas authorities told Boyer they passed. To be sure, Clark had told Myers, scientists would have to pinpoint Christine's DNA and remove it from the mixture. The only information we have about Christines romantic life comes from tabloids, so we should obviously take this with a grain of salt. Maggie and Paul Murdaugh. He was seeking permission to exhume her from her grave. He told the Sarasota Journal at least four people said they had seen the men, including a saleswoman at W.T. www.dailymail.co.uk. Curtis had apparently been violent in the past. Perry Smith, left, and Richard Hickock were arrested in Las Vegas in connection with the November 15, 1959, murders of four members of the Clutter family in rural Kansas. He stopped at a local gas station and inquired about the location of the Walker home, as if looking for Cliff. Sign up for The Lineups newsletter and get the creepiest cases delivered straight to your inbox. In Florida, several larger departments - including Tampa, Jacksonville and Miami-Dade - have such teams. He had initially believed the family had simply slept in, amused as his friend was also known to be a habitual early riser. Only partial DNA could be retrieved, possibly due to degradations of the DNA samples over the decades or contamination in storage, making the outcome one of uncertainty (neither proving nor disproving the involvement of Smith and Hickock). Shell casings were found at the site, but the murder weapon was never retrieved. Its frustrating to think that well never know the answer. Detectives had told the public to look out for suspects with cuts. Somehow, they still made the smart decision to store the sample, in hopes of greater technology coming along. Perhaps a secret lover had been spurned. In December of 2012, the Sarasota County Sheriffs Department requested a court order to exhume the bodies of Hickock and Smith, in order to run DNA tests in an attempt to connect them to the Walker family murders. On November 15, 1959, Richard Hickock, 28, and Perry Smith, 31, slipped through an unlocked door into Herb and Bonnie Clutter's house and cut the phone lines. Police theorized that they had been grabbed and used to wipe the blood off the killer or killers. Considering how far away the Walkers lived, and the fact that Christine stopped to put air in the tires, its likely she would have arrived home around 4. All Rights Reserved. Now, Myers asked her, "What I don't get is, how did they get in the house with the dogs sitting there?" . It seems likely that Debbie also somehow survived. He and Kimberly McGath went back to 2007, when she expressed an interest in the languishing Walker file. He learned, too, of the deaths of her husband, Cliff, 3-year-old Jimmie and 23-month-old Debbie. Her husband Cliff, 25, then arrived with their 3-year-old son Jimmie and 1-year-old daughter Debbie. Cliff was 25. Her voice even sounded different. One of them had a scratched face. Herbert and Bonnie, and their children, Nancy, 16, and Kenyon, 15, died from shotgun blasts to the head. The surviving relatives of Bonnie Clutter who hated In Cold Blood because it portrayed her as emotionally impaired weren't necessarily just being defensive. Maybe the killer was a relative who bore some grudge against the Walkers or simply wished to engage in his carnal fantasies. Or herself. Perry Smith in the army. On December 20th, 1959 Don McLeod, a coworker and friend of Cliff Walker, arrived at the Walker home at sunrise to pick up Cliff for hog hunting trip they had planned. Before she left the agency, McGath said, her supervisors declined her requests to do more genetic testing of the stain. First published on February 6, 2023 / 12:00 PM. This might have been how the two men gained access to the Walker home: on the pretense of selling their car. (Wayback archive copy)", "Walker Slaying Confession Discredited by Sheriff", "The murderous journey from lies to prison and redemption", "Cold case: Stroudsburg bartender may hold key to unsolved Florida murders", "Walker investigation shows parts of 'In Cold Blood' don't add up (Wayback archive copy)", "DNA From 'In Cold Blood' Killers Could Solve 1959 Florida Cold Case", "No DNA link between Walker murders, 'In Cold Blood' killers", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walker_family_murders&oldid=1138389492, December 1959 events in the United States, Unsolved mass murders in the United States, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 9 February 2023, at 12:07.