According to Gandangara belief, in the primordial dreamtime (gun-yung-ga-lung, "times far past"), two creator figures, Gurangatch, a rainbow serpent, and Mirraga, a quoll, went on a journey from a point on the upper reaches of the Wollondilly River, with Mirragan pursuing the former, until the trek ended at a waterhole named Joolundoo on the Upper Fish River. [ more] barrin. Extinct PamaNyungan language of New South Wales, Australia, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies, "The Wiradyuri and Other Languages of New South Wales", "Public Place Names (Belconnen) Determination 2004 (No 1)", "Public Place Names (Ngunnawal) Determination 2013 (No 1)", "Stories from Ngunnawal Country - Mount Ainslie - The Ngunnawal Peoples", "Government Notices: Public Place Names Act 1989", "Ginninderra Catchment Area Historical Notes", "Where The Future Meets The Past: Heritage Enshrined In Our Newest Park Featured", "Aboriginal Heritage and the Cultural Landscape of the ACT", "Public Place Names (Greenway) Determination 2004 (No 2)", "Ngarrindjeri, Ngunnawal and Ngambri come together for the river dance to maintain an important tradition", "Menagerie: Contemporary Indigenous Sculpture: exhibition opening", "LANDCARE TOUR DE CREEK: GINNINDERRA CREEK", "The Wiradyuri and other languages of New South Wales", List of Australian Aboriginal group names, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ngunnawal_language&oldid=1128412457, Extinct languages of Australian Capital Territory, Articles with dead external links from February 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English, Language articles without speaker estimate, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Where the kangaroo, the wallaby, bounces over the rocks, Sparkling, throwing out little rays of light, Keeping the pathway to our ancestors alive, You're welcome to leave your footprints on our land, This page was last edited on 20 December 2022, at 00:42. As such they can be considered dialects of a single unnamed language, but this is the technical linguistic usage of these terms and Ngunnawal people prefer to describe their variety as a language in its own right, as also do the Gandangara. Mathews, Robert Hamilton. Comes from a Gundungurra word meaning 'falling water tumbling over a hill' and takes its name from a waterfall that drops into the Jamison Valley in the region. According to Boxes 4-5: Survey forms and correspondence received by the Royal Anthropological Society of Australasia regarding Aboriginal place names, 1899-1903, 1921-1926 Myall means Wild. $24.99. The Basic Spelling Vocabulary List. Yuin-Kuric languages - The Yuin-Kuric languages are a family of mainly extinct Australian . Create a list from existing text 1904. Common Core. In January 2019 we released an updated Oxford 3000 list and other brand new word lists to help learners and teachers with their English language learning. special traits required of an nco in 1778; bcr relatii clienti program; austin survivor make a wish; laura steinberg tisch; hedge wall rental dallas; gundungurra word list. End of Project Gutenberg's The Gundungurra Language, by R. H. Mathews *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GUNDUNGURRA LANGUAGE *** ***** This file should be named 21866-0 . Kokan. | Aboriginal Australians -- New South Wales -- Languages. a big foot'. The firs. [ more] buraga. endstream There are sites for men only and women only, as well as sites for all. Ocean Club Rentals Seaside Heights Nj, The name Warragamba comes from the Gundungurra words Warra and Gamba meaning 'water running over rocks' and t he Blue Mountains area is rich in cultural history and connection. In October 1798, Maroot the elder provided 30 words to Archaelogical evidence suggests that they inhabited the area since at least 22,000 years ago - during the last ice age. Word for the web automatically inserts the next bullet or number. Choose a passage that students can read with very few errors. what does ellie mean in hebrew. The ethnographer R. H. Mathews records Gandangara stories and language. Written from the point of view of 11-year-old, Bindi and her friends on Gundungurra Country. Ngunnawal or Gundungurra is an Australian Aboriginal language, the traditional language of the Ngunawal and Gandangara peoples. This dictionary is a work in progress so your feedback is important to us. It can be used in almost any situation, whether you're thanking someone for a gift, a favor, or just for their time. Ph: +61 2 9273 1414, Reclaiming Indigenous languages: Our transcribe-a-thon for NAIDOC Week. Title: Gundungurra Word List: Authors: . There are roughly 1,800 speakers of Eastern and Central Arrernte, making it one of the largest speaking populations of any Australian language. The recently discovered papers of grazier Alfred Leonard Bennett (1877-1942) contain previously unpublished traditional Gundungurra stories and hundreds of Gundungurra words, placenames and placename meanings not known from other sources. Bennetts main informant was Werriberrie, also known as Billy Russell (c.1835-1914). This promise was maintained until King's departure in 1807. Kokan. These few words are nearly all that is left from the first great work of literature, the original poem, which was created by the Ngarigo and Ngunnawal people of the Canberra region and the high country of NSW and Victoria. <> stream Dharug. 1 Download resource Aboriginal word list Below is a vocabulary list of Aboriginal words used in the Ulladulla area when Mickey was alive. 1990. A a, about, above, across, act, active, activity, add, afraid, after, again, age, ago, agree, air, all, alone, along, already, always, am, amount, an, and, angry . This would be contested by many who are working on language recovery and rescue. College. water. Words that Start with V! [ more] bangala. It is written with the inclusion of Gundungurra words, of which there is a list of interpretations at the end of the book. That way, all the 7-letter words are in one batch, all the 6-letter words are in another batch, and so on. Sugar Glider. Robinson called the language 'O.ner.wul', missing the word initial sound /ng/; Mathews wrote 'Ngunawal' for the name in his sketch grammar and vocabulary (1904 in Koch, 2010:135). In the book, Jim explains that in total, approximately 1200 Gundungurra words are known, out of a probable 10,000 as occurs for other Australian languages. Explore via categories such as animals, plants, nature, food, family etc. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. assemblage. Hooters Uniform Size Chart, , 30/12 1 74000, Sinsakhon Printing And Packaging Industrial Estate, 30/12 Moo 1 Khokkham Muangsamutsakhon Samutsakhon 74000 Thailand, what happened to jv from the jv show 2021, special traits required of an nco in 1778. Menu. Gundungurra Creation Story of Jenolan Caves. The Dreamtime is an explanation of how the Earth, and all that lives on it, was created. During my research I have uncovered two little known word lists collected in the Botany Bay area. These few words are nearly all that is left from the first great work of literature, the original poem, which was created by the Ngarigo and Ngunnawal people of the Canberra region and the high country of NSW and Victoria. We recognise their custodianship of the land, sea, & water for over 60,000 years. ***PRE-BOOK AND ARRIVE AT LEAST 1 HOUR EARLY.***. Archaelogical evidence suggests that they inhabited the area since at least 22,000 years ago - during the last ice age. By Category. We are at about 660 m on shale-derived soils and get around 1200 mm average rainfall (before climate chaos). Katoomba, NSW Comes from a Gundungurra word meaning 'falling water tumbling over a hill' and takes its name from a waterfall that drops into the Jamison Valley in the region. To start a numbered list, type 1, a period (. Two and-a-half pages word list containing Aboriginal place-names and their meanings, natural features of the landscape (plants, types of trees), animals and parts of the human body. My friends and I had a goal one day, and that was to create the worst skribbl.io custom words list. lder Country refers to "this" place and the traditional language group of the area. @$Wf$r%xE/%xfM#EC.2A:."-H . Traces such as axe grinding grooves, rock engravings, cave paintings, stone arrangements and tool fragments can . Numbuk yabbun, are very important to Aboriginal culture.When entering or leaving country they hold a numbuk yabun.By burning the leaves of Boreen, specifically the acacia, they perform a cleansing ceremony.This burning also pays respect to country, the old people and the Burriniliing.Numbuk is also part of general ceremonial purposes, both for nain and ngowal. 'Multi-award winning author and poet Kirli Saunders turns her talent to junior fiction with this wonderfully . 120 Heritage Apple Varieties grown at our small farm 'Gundungurra', Bundanoon NSW Australia. Australia several things grouped together or considered as a whole. It includes words from the authentic Gundungurra language, to describe how the caves and the land above was used by the Gundungurra people, whose culture stretches backtens of thousands of years and which isvery much a living culture today. Canberra: AIAS. Reviews aren't verified, but Google checks for and removes fake content when it's identified. The land is bounded by the highest ridges of the Blue Mountains to the north, down to Goulburn in the south, the area around Picton to the east and to the area between Oberon and Bathurst on the west. Bibliographic information. I have replaced "ng" with "" in the Mathews list. Also be sure to check out our Spelling bee word list by grade and all the spelling word list. H}^;Wardf9&!~nPn #`q~VlQ}CM}K Everyone can play a role in revitalising these languages by learning and using them. Add to cart Praise for Bindi "To read and consume the verse novel 'Bindi' is a gift" - Lauren Pratt, Underground Writers ".beautifully written novela call to action for young people to understand their role in . List of Words to Describe Places. Noongar elder Lynette Knapp says if everyone adopted a totem, the whole community could play an important role in caring for country. Kasingkahulugan Ng Alamat, Speaker numbers for NILS 2004 and 2005 estimate come from 'Table F.3: Numbers of speakers of Australian Indigenous languages (various surveys)' in 'Appendix F NILS endangerment and absolute number results' in McConvell, Marmion and McNicol 2005, pages 198-230 (PDF, 2.5MB). <> stream Hidden away in a notebook held in the State Library of NSW's Mitchell Library is a remarkable document: a handwritten list of 178 Aboriginal names for places along Dyarubbin, the Hawkesbury River, which encircles Sydney and the Cumberland Plain on the east coast of New South Wales. This name is spelled variously in reports: Wallis calls him alternatively. A clan group is a collection of families and extended families who speak the Gundungurra language, but with a slightly different dialect. (ABC Great Southern: Ellie Honeybone) Mrs Knapp agreed. Martha Paiz Fogerty, is dixie crystals sugar vegan; luckner cambronne photos Kedumba is the valley south of Katoomba, and a variation on the same Gundungurra word as the town. Canberra: ANU E Press and Aboriginal History Inc. (B M429.78/C1). We pay our respects to elders past and present. In Blue Mountains Dreaming: the Aboriginal heritage, ed. Indigenous words with 'rr' are common in languages . gundungurra word list. Yuina Kuroshima - Yuina Kuroshima ( , Kuroshima Yuina, born March 15, 1997) is a Japanese model, actress, and tarento. Over 7,000 documented Wiradjuri words and phrases. There are roughly 1,800 speakers of Eastern and Central Arrernte, making it one of the largest speaking populations of any Australian language. Journal of the Royal Society of NSW 38:203-381. Written from the point of view of 11-year-old, Bindi and her friends on Gundungurra Country. Ngunnawal is very closely related to the Gandangara language and the two were most likely highly mutually intelligible. Katoomba, Blue Mountains, NSW Lapstone (106m) The name "Lapstone Hill" was in use from at least the 1820s and derives . Yuina Kuroshima - Yuina Kuroshima ( , Kuroshima Yuina, born March 15, 1997) is a Japanese model, actress, and tarento. . Traditional search via image. Joanne Hooper Rogers (Shaun), Shaun Hooper. The Gundungurra tribe of Aboriginals have inhabited the southern and western parts of the Blue Mountains in NSW. Bennetts main informant was Werriberrie, also known as Billy Russell (c.1835-1914). The following words are from this language. The artwork on these pages was created by Tom Brown, Gundungurra artist. Illawarra and South Coast Aborigines 1770-1850. List of Words That Describe the United States. | Language - Vocabulary - Word lists. Its representation can be seen throughout country in rock art and cave paintings. Whiteboard with markers or a pad of paper with pens/pencils. Avoid any word or phrase that has a negative connotation or that implies people with a disability are suffering - for example, 'confined to a wheelchair' instead of 'uses a wheelchair'. List of all 5-letter words. Burragorang, Gundungura, Gundaahmyro, Gundungorra, Cundunorah, Gundungari, Gundanora, Gurra gunga, Gungungurra, Gandanguurra, Jutta Besold, Jim Kohen, Robert Mathews, Jeremy Steele, A.L. With input from your local Indigenous community, add words in your local Indigenous language. A major benefit to playing pictionary is that you almost definitely already have all the materials you need. << /Type /Page /Parent 1 0 R /LastModified (D:20110718020650+00'00') /Resources 2 0 R /MediaBox [0.000000 0.000000 595.276000 841.890000] /CropBox [0.000000 0.000000 595.276000 841.890000] /BleedBox [0.000000 0.000000 595.276000 841.890000] /TrimBox [0.000000 0.000000 595.276000 841.890000] /ArtBox [0.000000 0.000000 595.276000 841.890000] /Contents 31 0 R /Rotate 0 /Group << /Type /Group /S /Transparency /CS /DeviceRGB >> /Annots [ 11 0 R ] /PZ 1 >> The records are broadly arranged by locality and include both Indigenous and European names for each person as well as their age. A . xXKoFs~KI/ul#mZ@ILQ_oI;Q(&${Qsp__Nx7v/\x:~=w9^QL#v C$LdQsku&oADn)y.T(UL$*T:%ILT}Y67jM+z,Z}?H)H,`kHD1O3]V`t,wm.b mk|CY>~Kz&L^BX*?U-!P=X%'c&iPt J;Lg@-$w(d,~O,*=J--oIP$:+#;:GEK>#tbztXdi1"k4%A-9ceB4>]SbJn49u()\00 ? IN THE DRY bed of the Northern Territory's Hanson River, words dance from Clarrie Kemarr Long's fingertips. It is also closely related to other local and nearby Indigenous Australian languages such as Ngambri, Ngarigo/Ngarigu, Gundungurra and Wiradjuri. Every 20 minutes, escort vehicles leave our car park, to accompany you back up the hill. Ngunawal or Ngunnawal (both spellings are used) is the Indigenous Australian language of the traditional occupants of the area now known as Canberra. An Aboriginal Elder represents a senior authority in the local community, and someone who is identified by others in that commun E ity. water. -1, : (+992) 501705059. Blog informasi judi online dan game slot online paling populer Dharawal. Free list templates from Microsoft go beyond . Dark Steel Tinkers' Construct, lder Country refers to "this" place and the traditional language group of the area. An Indigenous word also may have different meanings across different dialects . Urban List has affiliate partnerships, so we . The Gundungurra word for 'two' is bulla and the creator ancestors were called the bullens. To a great degree autobiographical, Kirli Saunders uses Bindi's voice to describe many daily habits, her surrounding area, the animals that share it, dreams for the future, hockey, her animals and family. Word will automatically start a numbered list for you. (It was the hardest task, because in one third of all Czech letters has diacritical marks.) Dharawal. Search in Wiradjuri or English language. Culichi Town Sinaloa Style Food. 3 /5. Speaking up. To create this. 1976. The ball was struck with a bat or club made from bamboo. [ more] bangala. These pages provide a range of word lists on body parts to support communities in their work to revive, document and preserve Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages. Written 'for those who plant trees', Bindi explores climate, bush fires, and healing. a fear of foreigners or strangers. Urban List has affiliate partnerships, so we . ISO 693-3 international domain name codes for languages have been used in the top navigation bar to maximise visibility of links on small portable devices. Collection items. How to use this dictionary? Mathews published separate grammars for the Gundungurra S60 and Ngunawal but both of these grammars are drawn from the same material in his notebooks headed . [9], In March 1814, some Aborigines were violently driven away after they complained of not being paid their wages for working for white settlers. Kait Mugshots September 2020, Larmer was the assistant surveyor on Sir Thomas Mitchell's second expedition in 1835 along the Bogan and Darling Rivers. Easy. [ more] banga-. Macquarie ordered the 46th Regiment under Captain James Wallis to round up all Aborigines from the Hawkesbury down to these southern areas. I absolutely adored Kirli's exquisite picture book 'The Incredible Freedom Machines' and this verse novel is just as breathtakingly beautiful. . The top 1,000 vocabulary words have been carefully chosen to represent difficult but common words that appear in everyday academic and business writing. We passed on the list in between each other to add some n. Listen to the student/s read the passage and provide unknown words after three seconds. The artwork on these pages was created by Tom Brown, Gundungurra artist. Over 250 Indigenous Australian language groups covered the continent at the time of British settlement in 1788. With gorgeous black and white illustrations by the esteemed Dub Leffler, Bindi is a must-read for ages seven and up.' Design credit: Juliette Davies. Royal Anthropological Society of Australasia files regarding Aboriginal place names, Box 4 / Folder 4, NSW place names, 1899-1903. water. << /Type /Page /Parent 1 0 R /LastModified (D:20110718020650+00'00') /Resources 2 0 R /MediaBox [0.000000 0.000000 595.276000 841.890000] /CropBox [0.000000 0.000000 595.276000 841.890000] /BleedBox [0.000000 0.000000 595.276000 841.890000] /TrimBox [0.000000 0.000000 595.276000 841.890000] /ArtBox [0.000000 0.000000 595.276000 841.890000] /Contents 29 0 R /Rotate 0 /Group << /Type /Group /S /Transparency /CS /DeviceRGB >> /PZ 1 >> [ more] guru. The Gundungurra People. Gundungurra. mentioned in this publication please see contact list below. It includes words from the authentic Gundungurra language, to describe how the caves and the land above was used by the Gundungurra people, whose culture stretches back tens of thousands of years and which is very much a living culture today. Hundreds of languages were once spoken in Australia. water. Gundungurra words are woven through the narrative, and may slightly disrupt the reading flow at first, but many are repeated and self-explanatory, and all are and a word list of meanings (and pronunciations) provided at the end. southern rim of the Cumberland Plain west of the Georges River, as well as the southern Blue Mountains (Attenbrow 2002:34). Now soak up these powerful films made by First Nations directors. (1 Vote) Very easy. nayung. During my research I have uncovered two little known word lists collected in the Botany Bay area. Gundungurra, Gundungari, Gundanora?, Gurra-gunga, Burragorang. Avoid any word or phrase that has a negative connotation or that implies people with a disability are suffering - for example, 'confined to a wheelchair' instead of 'uses a wheelchair'. This word was adopted into Australian English and was used, even outside the normal dry-country range of A. salicina, to describe other wattles with 'willow-like' leaves. He starts doing Gundungurra Word List Joanne Hooper Rogers (Shaun), Shaun Hooper This new 2007 edition of the Oxford Junior Illustrated Thesaurus contains entries in alphabetical order, with 20,000 imaginative and adventurous synonyms with supporting. Wafer and Lissarrague 2008:115). Duration: 03m11s. Local insights. Model fluent reading of the passage. Ngunnawal was the southern dialect of the Aboriginal Wallabalooa language of south-east Australia spoken in the now Yass District. If this connection is broken, by forced removal or dispossession, then the people become adrift, separated from their innermost beliefs. His friend and his dad were artists and he learned some of the symbolism of Gundungurra people. Today, the black swan is used as a local emblem. This beautifully crafted verse novel for middle grade readers is truly a work of art - from the charcoal-smudged illustrations depicting the aftermath of bushfire, to the artful way in which words are placed on the page. Winmalee, NSW: Three Sisters Productions. [2], Gundungurra/Ngunawal is generally classified to fall within the tentative (and perhaps geographic) YuinKuric group of the PamaNyungan family. Listen to the student/s read the passage and provide unknown words after three seconds. Situated on the Moruya River, the Brinja Yuin word means 'home of the black swan'. What people are saying - Write a review. Resources for language learning The artwork on these pages was created by Tom Brown, Gundungurra artist. % How To Get Lava Sky Factory 4, [b], In 1828, there was some interaction between the Surveyor-General, Thomas Mitchell, and the Gandangara, near Mittagong. \^lAB&$\JR!4% x-&qlm/g\#qS:cEkt`E ^WIA\A:Hg Qpb@9se~me4OP(B Comes from a Gundungurra word meaning 'falling water tumbling over a hill' and takes its name from a waterfall that drops into the Jamison Valley in the region. Definitions of Gundungurra language, synonyms, antonyms, derivatives of Gundungurra language, analogical dictionary of Gundungurra language (English) Hidden away in a notebook held in the State Library of NSW's Mitchell Library is a remarkable document: a handwritten list of 178 Aboriginal names for places along Dyarubbin, the Hawkesbury River, which encircles Sydney and the Cumberland Plain on the east coast of New South Wales. Some of the Aborigines were shot and others were driven off the cliffs into a steep gorge. To better pursue native title claims, in 1996 with the active support of the Australian . The Gundungurra people, also spelt Gundungara, Gandangarra, Gandangara and other variations, are an Aboriginal Australian people in south-eastern New South Wales, Australia. Based on his analysis of pronoun forms, Koch concludes that Gandangara (S60) and Ngunawal D3 are dialects of the same . Bunjil is the spiritual totem or moiety ancestor for many of the clans between Geelong and Ballarat. Difficult. 2 Their neighbours were Dharug, Darkinung, Wiradjuri, Ngunawal and Thurrawal speaking peoples. Traditional search via image. He grew quiet for a moment as Harry continued laughing, then Eades smacked the paper on his desk exclaiming "Ah shit!" Discover more. Recommended reading Gazetteers & Almanacs Search terms. What people are saying - Write a review. Mathews published separate grammars for the Gundungurra and Ngunawal D3 but both of these grammars are drawn from the same material in his notebooks headed 'Gundungurra' (Mathews 1901 and 1904, in Eades 1976:6).. Based on his analysis of pronoun forms, Koch concludes that Gandangara (S60) and Ngunawal D3 are dialects of the same language (2011:18). 2008. Word Lists & Flashcards. 0 Results. 27 0 obj This beautifully crafted verse novel for middle grade readers is truly a work of art - from the charcoal-smudged illustrations depicting the aftermath of bushfire, to the artful way in which words are placed on the page. Dharug and Gundungurra. This beautiful and mysterious place holds special significance to the Gundungurra people who knew it as 'Binomil' or 'Bin-oo-mur'. The speakers possibly referred to themselves as the Ngunwal people, while European settlers called them the Yass Blacks. | Aboriginal Australians -- New South Wales -- Languages. Aside from considerations of defending their territories against the European colonial expansion, a period of severe drought may have influenced this turn in strategy. Many have slipped from use, but an incredible revival is now awakening sleeping tongues across the nation. A . The Australian Government is investing $13 million in the Greater Blue Mountains and World Heritage Area bushfire region under the $110 million Regional Bushfire Recovery Fund to increase the resilience and recovery of fire-affected species, ecological communities and natural assets. Some of these wordlists complement the Gambara Gamu Biyu body chart poster; while others have been collated from State Library collection items. Goodhew, G.T. Kohen, James Leslie. It is a complete religious belief system, based upon a spiritual connection to land, culture, animals, totems, kinship and sacred sites. A dictionary of the Gundungurra language. They're organized by game, though you could easily use printouts from one game for a different game. Yuin - The ethnonym Yuin refers to a group of Australian Aboriginal people from the South Coast of New South Wales. Jim . For example, if the word is used as a suburb, street name or building name, then check with the body responsible for naming it. Aboriginal use of Fire. a catchment area known to whites of the district as the "Rocky Waterhole". A popular game in many areas of the Torres Strait and Papua and New Guinea where various types of this game were known. The Aboriginal Blue Mountains Walkabout is an immersion in indigenous culture. Ngunnawal is very closely related to the Gandangara language and the two were most likely highly mutually intelligible. sports illustrated power rankings nba; st joseph's sfinge recipe; how long does raid take to kill roaches For tens of thousands of years, Jenolan has been part of the culture of the local Indigenous people. Goodhew, G.T. Botany Bay, Gundungurra in the Blue Mountains, an inland dialect (Darug) to the west of Parramatta and another language (Kuringgai) at Pittwater and Broken Bay. The list contains 850 words that account for 80 percent of the words children use in their writing the ones they need to be able to spell correctly. Ready to Read sight words. Ph: 1300 76 33 11 or +61 2 6359 3911, Katoomba to Jenolan via Hampton - map & directions, Katoomba to Jenolan via Bathurst - map & directions, Katoomba to Jenolan via Tarana - Map & Directions, Dreamtime Story of Gurrangatch & Mirrigan, Food & Equipment for the Journey to Jenolan, Ben Chifley (Prime Minister of Australia 1945-1949), Australia's First Hydro Electricity System, DreamtimeStoryofGurrangatch&Mirrigan, Food&EquipmentfortheJourneytoJenolan. Ethnological notes on the Aboriginal tribes of New South Wales and Victoria. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Society 34:294-299. In 1816, 7 settlers, 4 on the Nepean and 3 at Macquarie's wife's property at Camden, were killed as the Gandangara came out of the hill lands in search of food. Based on his analysis of pronoun forms, Koch concludes that Gandangara (S60) and Ngunawal D3 are dialects of the same language (2011:18). According to the local historian Anne-Maree Whitaker, what followed on 17 April 1816 was a massacre.