True or false: According to the World Health Organization (WHO) definition of health, we are all ill to some extent. a. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome caused by deficiency of WASP When the toxic burden of organisms at a lower trophic level is accumulated and concentrated by a predator in a higher trophic level it is called ______. Regulators struggle with how to set acceptable pollution levels based on the dose-response curve because ______. d. They do not readily mix with the hydrophobic tails forming the core of the phospholipid bilayer; therefore, the only way they can move into the cell is by endocytosis. 13-14 Epstein-Barr virus-infected cells are poor targets for CD8 T-cell killing because _____. a. the virus inhibits MHC class I expression System management program c. Utility program d. Encryption. 30 seconds. error prone replication of its DNA genome. Small fish eat zooplankton The function of photosynthesis is to use solar energy to make ATP; the primary function of respiration is to break down ATP to release energy. - misunderstanding probabilities about harm from a hazard a) co-infection with an unrelated virus that causes the same symptoms The water will mostly move from side "A" to side "B" because the water concentration is higher on side "A." a) the proteins on the viral surface and that of the host cell membrane You are in lab attempting to prepare a slide of cow blood for observation in a wet mount. This is because the solution on the left side of the figure is hypertonic while the solution on the right side of the figure is hypotonic. d. Which of the following statements correctly describes one difference between green algae and land plants? Virus b. mutations are introduced into the virus. - DALYs are a more complete measure combining premature deaths and the loss of a healthy life resulting from mental illness or physical disability A screen door allows breezes to enter and aromas to exit but keeps out insects. e. Staphylococcus aureus. c. cellular transcription favors the production of HIV-encoded RNA a. Select one or more: O a. stable, they do not degrade easily and have become extremely widespread in the environment. kill the host cell immediately, while bacteria maintain life within the . Use unequal arrows to indicate whether reactants or products are favored. They are only capable of reproducing once inside a living host cell Viruses are living cells that are lacking the necessary structures to carry out cellular functions. b. T cells; CD4 - Pesticide residues are not necessarily harmful, for a substance produces a harmful effect only if it reaches within the body in a high enough dose. Mortality rates are reduced by the administration of antibiotics to affected individuals. a. immune-complex disease Solution The correct option is D photosynthesis uses solar energy to convert inorganics to energy-rich organics; respiration breaks down energy-rich organics to synthesize ATP Photosynthesis makes the glucose that is used in cellular respiration to make ATP. The ________________ principle is being used to regulate toxins by requiring manufacturers to prove that substances are safe rather than requiring regulators to show that they are dangerous. The solution level on the left side of the figure would decrease while the solution level on the right side of the figure would rise. 13-19 Which of these characteristics is not true of IFN-? If you already knew that the infectious agent was a prion, select all the treatments that would allow you to distinguish this? Certain pharmaceuticals, vaccines, and drugs - Injection (Intramuscular), As shown in the figure, every organism in the Lake Michigan food chain has some DDT in their body tissues at concentrations higher than in the environment due to 25 ppm - Ospreys. e. fall below 200 cells/l. Heart disease and cancer - These have risks of 1 in 6-7 c. transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) c. They do not readily mix with the hydrophobic tails forming the core of the phospholipid bilayer; therefore, they must move across by facilitated diffusion. Prokaryotic cells must also carry out respiration but do not have mitochondria. The mosquito becomes infected when it feeds on the blood of a person infected with the virus. The water will mostly move from side "A" to side "B" because the water concentration is higher on side "A.". DDT is a well-known case of biomagnification in the environment. Dog attacks. Multiple Choice Viruses are typically a piece of genetic material encased in a protein capsule. d. hereditary angioedema: C1INH infusions If the concentration of sugar molecules in water on side "A" of a selectively permeable membrane is 5 percent, and the concentration of sugar molecules in water on side "B" of a selectively permeable membrane is 15 percent, which way will the water move and why? I. b. the IL-12 receptor b. antigenic shift This decision of the FDA was based on ______. They a View the full answer Transcribed image text: Which of the following statements accurately describes the difference between bacteria and viruses? c. viruses are biotic and bacteria are abiotic . How would the affect the HIV infection cycle? d. They are obligate intracellular parasites. b. impenetrable Choose the following statement that most accurately describes viruses. Which of the following statements most accurately describes a selectively permeable membrane? Rank the order of the following causes of death, putting the lowest risk of death for a person in the United States on bottom and the highest risk of death at the top. Indoor and outdoor ______________ pollution contributes to millions of deaths every year. Every living organism is composed of one or more cells, and all living cells have membrane-enclosed organelles. A.) This idea is summarized in the statement "the ___________________ makes the poison. B. answer choices. The Office of Justice Services (OJS), within the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), is searching for an individual to serve as a Victim Assistance Program Manager. The nuclear envelope consists of two concentric phospholipid bilayers while the plasma membrane is only one phospholipid bilayer. e. None of the above is mismatched. Which of the following statements accurately describes plant virus infections? e. Listeria monocytogenes. Both bacteria and viruses use host cells to reproduce, but viruses . They are repelled by the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipids that form the phospholipid bilayer. a. Which of the following accurately describes HIV? These special proteins tell the white blood cells those bacterial cells do not belong to that particular human and to phagocytize (eat) them. b) They can be spread via the plasmodesmata. b. If the bacteria cannot be moved across the WBC membrane, how will the WBC most likely take it in? b) enter a replicative cycle that kills the host cell. A piece of dialysis tubing has been filled with a cloudy white solution of 5 percent starch, 5 percent egg albumin (protein), and 5 percent glucose (a small sugar) dissolved in water to simulate a cell. Factor related to the exposure - Dose and frequency of contact with the chemical - Diet-related obesity can lead to illnesses such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. 0.003 ppb - DDT in water A mutation in the gene encoding the integrase enzyme (the protein that inserts the dsDNA into a host cell's DNA) renders the protein non-functional. A defense mechanism that repairs the damage caused by a toxin would create a _______________ response curve; a minimal dose is necessary to induce an observable effect. b. a worker in a factory who places labels on products and then packs them into a shipping box c) removal of viral proteins X=111110201X. Exhaling excess carbon dioxide - Lungs Interpret this graph by matching each label to the correct line in the graph. b. purine nucleotide phosphorylase (PNP) c. The radish cells were hypertonic to the water in which they were soaking. Examine the figure below. What does the image depict in the context of environmental toxicology? In 1973, the FDA required that cancer-causing compounds must not be present in meat at concentrations that would cause a cancer risk greater than 1 in a million lifetimes. Factor related to the organism - Immunological status at the time of exposure to the chemical. b. DNA-dependent DNA polymerase; influenza virus If a bottle of perfume were spilled in the corner of a large lecture hall, the students sitting near that corner of the room would very quickly smell the perfume. b) Replication of their genomes does not involve proofreading. - Our focus on reducing pollution to protect human health has neglected risks to natural ecological systems that may be of greater ultimate importance. c. bacteria and yeast Explain. The leading reasons for nonrational risk perception include ______. Viruses are very diverse. d. Pandemics; epidemics. 13-76 Which of the following is required for fusion of the human immunodeficiency viral envelope with the host cell membrane and subsequent internalization? The intensity level of these sounds can reach 103 dB, measured a distance of 5.0 m from the source. Proton therapy accurately targets very specific locations, which may result in less damage to surrounding . The science involved in determining whether endocrine disrupters are harmful shows how establishing public policy is difficult. - Members of a population vary in sensitivity to a toxin. B. b - Shows a linear relationship from zero exposure to the highest dose suggesting that exposure to such toxic agents, no matter how small, carries some risks d. properdin (factor P) b. ribosomes d) Cutting and assembling the capsid would be halted. A virus must use its host-cell processes to replicate. c. latency b. This study was reported . The water will mostly move from side "B" to side "A" because the water concentration is higher on side "B." Question: Which of the following statements accurately describes a viral envelope? The next day the radishes are crisp and crunchy again. c. a prokaryotic cell without a nucleus. Asbestos exposure and smoking each increase lung cancer rates 20-fold. Some antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections kill the bacteria by chemically punching holes in the cell wall of the bacteria, by preventing the bacteria from replicating their DNA, or by many other actions that ultimately cause cell death. a. water (H2O) a. exocytosis It may last a few seconds or a few hours. - LD50 is the dose of the toxin that is lethal to half the population. The products are arranged under different categories like . Urban flooding has become one of the most common natural hazards threatening people's lives and assets globally due to climate change and rapid urbanization. is an emerging discipline that seeks to understand how environmental changes threaten our health and the environment itself. These changes, called cytopathic effects, can change cell functions or even destroy the cell. One of the differences between bacteria and viruses is that : a. viruses are living and bacteria are non -living . Select one: a. - dramatically reducing frog populations in many areas a. contain genetic material b. can be killed using antibiotics c. have a cell membrane d. have a protein coat a 5. Large molecules are always excluded from crossing the membrane. b. C3 At times we lack the medicines with which to treat them, as some emergent diseases are caused by drug-resistant strains of a pathogen. b) Vertical transmission is the transfer of DNA from one type of plant virus to another, and horizontal transmission is the exchange of DNA between two plant viruses of the same type. Which of these is not a consideration of toxicology? Instead, the RBCs look very shriveled up. They are often harmful even in extremely dilute concentrations d. The cell should gain weight over time because it is isotonic to the beaker environment and water will be drawn into the cell because of the albumin. a. smooth ER c. lysosome Which of the following statements accurately reflect how allergens affect us? 13-53 Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a condition resulting in chronic bacterial and fungal infections, is caused by one or more defects in _____, compromising the ability of macrophages to _____. c. variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) b. channel proteins D) Illness is a normal process that affects level of functioning. c) They are rarely spread by insects. a. Epstein-Barr virus e. gp41 and gp120. Bacteria injects DNA into a host cell. d. phagocytosis. 6. c. passive carrier proteins - Chronic exposure involves continuous or repeated contact with a toxic substance over a long period of time (months or years). This is because the solution on the left side of the figure is hypotonic while the solution on the right side of the figure is hypertonic. d) induce the formation of prions in the nucleus of the cell. d) whether the genome of the virus is DNA or RNA, a) the proteins on the viral surface and that of the host cell membrane, Antiviral drugs that have become useful are usually associated with which of the following properties? a. DNA-dependent DNA polymerase; HIV b. pinocytosis These individuals, who generally communicate through sign language, are an integral part of our society, and their contribution is vital. Your friend says you should refrigerate them in a bowl of water overnight. d. a ribosome. B. c. They must make sure the results were not an accident and that they are repeatable. a. integrase 13-42 Epstein-Barr virus infects and establishes latency in _____, gaining entry by binding to _____. It is the major activating cytokine of macrophages. Why are animals still used to test toxicity of substances? Which of the following statements correctly describes how factors related to the individual influence how she or he responds to toxins in the environment? B) The focus of nurses is the person with an illness. Which statement accurately describes capitalism? c) Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses Please describe the competing . Public policies regarding toxicity are based on the results of ______, and scientists still have the most confidence in this method. b. hydrophilic; hydrophobic; They line up hydrophobic tails facing each other at the center line of the membrane with the hydrophilic heads facing outward, away from the center line of the membrane. What is the most plausible explanation for the appearance of the blood cells on your slide? e. Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chloropyrifos - Used as a pesticide Match each of the potential toxins listed below to their most likely routes of exposure. Previous infection with S. pneumoniae wears down the immune system over time. A virus does not have a cell wall, nucleus, and eats. Exposure to radiation during an x-ray for a broken foot - Acute exposure - Data on which chemicals are endocrine disrupters are not definitive. 13-79 A patient is diagnosed with AIDS when CD4 T-cell counts _____. You observe layers of cells that have a definite, rigid, rectangular shape; there appears to be a nucleus in all of the cells and there are many oval-shaped green structures that seem to be moving around inside of the cells in an orderly fashion. c. The saline you used was hypertonic to the RBCs; this resulted in water osmosing through the RBC plasma membrane mostly out of the cell. So, the water osmosed across the plasma membranes into the radish cells decreasing the turgor pressure inside of the cells. a. a. transcriptional regulators of HLA class II loci e. B cells; EBNA-1. e. the initial phase of infection is followed by clinical latency. O The presence of an envelope influences viral entry and exit strategies. Which of the following statement accurately characterize prediabetes? Which of the following processes can be effective in preventing the onset of viral infection in humans? d) Vertical transmission is the spread of viruses from trees and tall plants to bushes and other smaller plants, and horizontal transmission is the spread of viruses among plants of similar size. b. NADPH oxidase; produce superoxide radical (-) The KaK_aKa of nitrous acid, HNO2HNO_2HNO2, is 6.761046.76 \times 10^{-4}6.76104. Proviruses form immediately after the RNA genome assembles with viral proteins and infectious irons are produced, 13-68 The pol gene of HIV produces all of the following except _____. e) Viral genomes mutate rapidly. Collection, integration, and effective use of clinical data for this purpose presents a variety of specific challenges. The solution level on the left side of the figure would rise while the solution level on the right side of the figure would decrease. d. superantigens e) Retroviruses. b. bacteria are living and viruses are non -living . Viruses contain DNA, so they are alive. Which of the following virus types inserts a double-stranded DNA copy of its genome into the host cell's genome? A metabolic poison that specifically attacks nerve cells is a _______________. We assert that combining expertise . ______ are chemical agents that damage or alter DNA, which can result in birth defects during fetal development or tumor growth in later life. - personal ignorance about the hazard b. Which of the following statements accurately describe the hemoglobin molecule? e. X-linked Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. a. gene conversion d. They cause excessive synthesis and release of cytokines. - mortality data fail to capture the impacts of nonfatal outcomes of disease and injury on human well-being. c. No; although prokaryotic cells are comparatively less efficient than eukaryotic cells, they are still able to carry out the processes necessary for survival and reproduction. Poisons that are produced naturally are called ____________ substances. Question 4 120 seconds Q. Which of the following is something bacteria and viruses have in common? a. Solutes are never able to cross the membrane. d. No; eukaryotic organelles are expelled each time the cell divides. A layer of lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and phospholipids that covers the outer surface of some viruses is the A protein molecule, transferrin, embedded in the plasma membrane recognizes iron molecules and causes the plasma membrane to fold in around the iron and take it into the cell. The nuclear envelope consists of two concentric phospholipid bilayers while the plasma membrane is only one phospholipid bilayer. Which of the following statements about viruses is false? There are 4 serotypes of the virus . d) the proteins on the viral surface and that of the host cell membrane. **see figure. d. RAG-1 or RAG-2 d. Anti-capsular antibodies are cleared from the host quickly after an active infection. answer choices. b. rough ER d. nucleus, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis. Yes; without organelles, prokaryotic cells cannot photosynthesize or respire. e. activate : T cells Which of the following statements about the potency (strength) of toxic substances is true? Solubility is important in determining how a substance travels and is absorbed. d. Chdiak-Higashi syndrome caused by deficiency of CHS1 Which aspect of antibiotic resistance development in microbes is depicted in this image? b. sodium ions (Na+), hydrogen ions (H+), sugars, and amino acids Cancer a) Vertical transmission is transmission of a virus from a parent plant to its progeny, and horizontal transmission is one plant spreading the virus to another plant. In environmental toxicity studies, when an interaction between two substances results in one of them exacerbating the effects of another by 20-fold it is called a(n) ______ interaction. Lead was banned from gasoline and paint in the 1970s and health problems associated with its exposure have dropped significantly since then. d) Viruses do not represent a single taxonomic group. Because the chemical industry thinks they are uncalled for, and toxicologists argue that there are problems with the necessary tests, the regulation of _______________ disrupters has been difficult to enact. The cell should lose weight over time because it is hypertonic to the beaker environment and water will leave the cell through osmosis. c) viroids d) Double-stranded RNA viruses The Sprague-Dawley rat is ______ to endocrine disrupters than ordinary rats, so studies using them are not reliable. e. leukocyte adhesion deficiency. e. nucleus; fusion with the nuclear membrane. Which of the following is/are part of accepted cell theory? b. S. pneumoniae is never completely eradicated during an infection and can reactivate if the host is immunocompromised. c. osmosis. c. the IFN- receptor e. A cDNA intermediate is required in order to produce a provirus. 13-7 Genes encoding _____ rearrange in trypanosomes permitting replication and survival of the pathogen until the host produces an antibody response against the altered gene product. d. eukaryotic cells . d) lytic phages a. classical; alternative pathways of complement e. human immunodeficiency virus. a) The gp120 glycoprotein would no longer be able to bind to the CCR5 receptor. b. c. phagocytosis. a. d. C5-C9; defend against Neisseria So, the water osmosed across the plasma membranes into the radish cells decreasing the turgor pressure inside of the cells. *two answers*, which of the following. A factory with an office that controls the information sent to separate rooms for each of the manufacturing and shipping processes would be analogous to Predicting whether an individual will recover from a given disease. d. myeloperoxidase c. hereditary angioedema True or false: Most people in industrialized nations have PFC residues (perflurooctanoic acid) in their blood. Write the equation describing the equilibrium established when HNO2HNO_2HNO2 reacts with NH3NH_3NH3. Correctly match the environmental disease agent to its example. a. pinocytosis. Job offers for selected candidates will be made the week of May 1, 2023. Traditional reliability design methods describe the dispersion degree of soil parameters with their point variance without considering the influence of correlation distance. - must be handled carefully in large doses, but they can be rendered relatively innocuous by dilution, neutralization, or other physical treatment, draws from many disciplines, including biology, biochemistry, pharmacology, among others. - The chemical industry disputes the need for testing, and industry-funded scientists point to contradictions and uncertainties in published studies. Developing lung cancer after exposure to radiation - Chronic effect. 4. They readily mix with the hydrophobic tails forming the core of the phospholipid bilayer. d. It is secreted by CD8 cytotoxic T cells, CD4 TH1 cells, and NK cells. When it acts on target cells, it enhances the engulfment and killing of bacteria. O The envelope is only found on RNA viruses. f. Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 13-32 A deficiency in _____ causes a condition that closely resembles X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency and is characterized by inefficient cytokine signaling. a. The boundary that surrounds the contents of the nucleus is the Over time, the students sitting in the far corner of the room would smell the perfume. Water-soluble types - These substances move widely in the environment and also have ready access to body cells as their solvent is ubiquitous a. d. MHC class I d. X-linked SCID a worldwide (or very widespread) epidemic. c. processing to peptides is not required for T-cell activation True or false: The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that though 90 percent of all disease burden occurs in developing nations only about 10 percent of health care dollars are spent there. 13-35 Protective antibodies generated in response to influenza virus bind to _____ of the viral envelope. Endocrine disruptors like BHA in facial moisturizers - Absorption (dermal) 13-3 A primary immune response against influenza virus produces antibodies that bind to _____. e. MHC class II. Capitalism is an economic system that operates under the. c. facilitated diffusion Which of the following factors do policymakers consider most important in setting an effective environmental health policy? b) Formation of the provirus would be stopped. b. vascular bundles So, the water osmosed across the plasma membranes out of the radish cells decreasing the turgor pressure inside of the cells and making them crunchier. - improved sanitation a. - requires manufacturers to show that a substance is not dangerous before it is introduced into the marketplace. This is because, unlike toxic substances, hazardous materials ______. b) removal of viral mRNAs C) A person with an illness cannot be considered healthy. Spatial variability of soil parameter distribution is crucial to calculating the pile foundation failure probability. What phenomenon has occurred to the perfume molecules that have entered the air? Which of the following is an example of a synergistic effect? They produce proteins used by other parts of the cell. a. facilitated diffusion. osprey accumulates compounds stored by all prey lower in the food chain. Response - Vertical (y) axis True or false: Wind turbine syndrome is considered a psychogenic condition because people who are opposed to wind turbines often claim that noise and shadow flicker caused by moving turbines make them sick even though there is no medical evidence for cause and effect. No color change in the beaker tells us that the starch was too large to cross the membrane from the cell and into the beaker. - educating women. Response curve representing no response for low doses - Line c. The idea of hormesis, the nonlinear effect of a toxin in which a low dose is ______ and high dose is ______, was misapplied in a 2018 rule proposed by the EPA that suggested a little pollution was beneficial to health. Treat the sample with proteases that digest all proteins and then determine whether it is still infectious. c. a mitochondrion. What general cell type are you most likely observing? - The U.S. EPA estimates that 200 million Americans live in areas where cancer risk from environmental carcinogens is ten times higher than normal. b. Staphylococcus aureus What characteristics define an emergent disease? d. Liposomes form from phospholipid bilayers and provide a barrier between an external environment and an internal environment; this creates an internal environment where specific chemical reactions needed to establish a living cell can occur separately from the external environment. A cheetah can run 121212 km/h over a 100100100 m distance. Which of the following is not a concern of environmental toxicology? Environmental health policies need to address ______________ because we may be destroying cycles that support human life if we don't protect different types of organisms. 13-9 Which of the following statements regarding herpes simplex virus is false? Match the mechanism of eliminating toxins to the body part that is responsible for the action. About Us: If your goal is to build a career that makes a difference, consider joining the dedicated people of the Colorado Department of Human Services(CDHS). The measles virus causes pancreas and liver infections. b. the cytosol; escaping from the phagosome 13-37 An epidemic affects _____, whereas a pandemic affects _____. c. The cell should gain weight over time because it is hypertonic to the beaker environment and water will enter the cell through osmosis. Many of these materials can be rendered relatively innocuous by dilution, neutralization, or other physical treatment. 13-78 During infection with HIV, a person is said to undergo seroconversion when _____. c - Dose must be above a threshold level before anyone in the population shows a response which suggests the presence of some defense mechanism against the harmful effects of the toxin. They are recycled by endocytosis more quickly than the normal receptor. d. active transport. Find the general solution of the given system. b. it founded the plymouth colony under a proprietary governor. a. The color change indicates that the iodine molecules were small enough to diffuse across the membrane and react with the starch inside the cell. 2 ppm - Large fish 4. X=(112110101)X\mathbf{X}^{\prime}=\left(\begin{array}{rrr}{1} & {-1} & {2} \\ {-1} & {1} & {0} \\ {-1} & {0} & {1}\end{array}\right) \mathbf{X} - Though cells have repair mechanisms to restore damaged DNA, there is no safe threshold for exposure to mutagens as the repair process may be flawed. a. neuraminidase - for activities we enjoy or find profitable a. a) The gp120 glycoprotein would no longer be able to bind to the CCR5 receptor. (Select all that apply.) Which of the following statements are true about how people apply probability in determining how much risk to accept and when to avoid exposure to certain risks? a. a virus-encoded Fc receptor a. Antiviral drugs that have become useful are usually associated with which of the following properties? 13-15 Superantigens bind to all of the following molecules except _____. b. simple diffusion c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum Match the term with its correct definition. - Allergens activate the immune system. - Vegetables, whole grains, and other healthy foods can boost our ability to tolerate toxins. d. superantigen What is the most likely explanation of why they became crunchy again after soaking in water? e. Listeria monocytogenes c) the proteins in the host's cytoplasm D. HIV can pass easily from one person to the next through casual contact. b. produces the energy needed to run chemical reactions in the cell. Dog bites and bee, wasp, or hornet stings - These have risks between 1 in 46,562 to 1 in 115,111. c. herpes zoster - Exposure to carcinogens can result in invasive, out-of-control cell growth that can cause malignant tumors.