Most species are tropical, but there are many arctic species as well. In particular, there is a pronounced chemical demarcation between the . The gametes consist of flagellated sperm, which . Some extinct early plants appear to be between the grade of organization of bryophytes and that of true vascular plants (eutracheophytes). Sporangium: Sporangium is dehiscent . it is dependent upon the gametophyte. Difference between Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. is that spermatophyte is (botany) any plant that bears seeds rather than spores while embryophyte is (biology) any member of the subkingdom embryophyta ; most land plants. All streptophyte algae are haplonts with the zygote being the only diploid cell, which immediately undergoes meiosis (resulting in four meiospores). More synonyms. What is the difference between a Sheriff and a Police Chief? In particular, there is a pronounced chemical demarcation between the . Pre . What is the difference between an embryophyte and a spermatophyte? Given that a well-founded understanding of land plant phylogeny has developed over the recent years, we . 'seed-bearing plants'; from Ancient Greek (sprmatos) 'seed', and (phytn) 'plant'), also known as phanerogam (taxon Phanerogamae) or phaenogam (taxon Phaenogamae ), is any plant that produces seeds, hence the alternative name seed plant. Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License; (botany) Any plant that bears seeds rather than spores, (botany) Any plant of the division Bryophyta, defined. walls and led to the differences in wall composition between groups of extant land plants that will be discussed in this review. All streptophyte algae are haplonts with the zygote being the only diploid cell, which immediately undergoes meiosis (resulting in four meiospores). The key difference between bryophytes and tracheophytes is that bryophytes are non-vascular plants; hence, do not contain a vascular system while tracheophytes are vascular plants, hence contain a well developed vascular system.. Plants are multicellular non-motile eukaryotic organisms which appear in green colour. [3], Seed-bearing plants are a subclade of the vascular plants (tracheophytes) and were traditionally divided into angiosperms, or flowering plants, and gymnosperms, which includes the gnetophytes, cycads, ginkgo, and conifers. Traditionally, whisk ferns and horsetails were treated as distinct from 'true' ferns. For example, Fannie Mae sets its minimum FICO at 620 for primary home purchase loans with at least 25 percent down and 640 for vacation homes with the same down payment. The second was to study correlations between the rate of phenotypic evolution and family diversity, in terms of species richness [ 38 , 39 ]. . Difference Between Aneurysm and False Aneurysm ( 0) An aneurysm is formed when a bulge or swelling is formed in the wall of a blood vessel due to weakness of the wall. Although some mosses have quite complex water-conducting vessels, bryophytes lack true vascular tissue. The embryo is defined as an immature sporophyte that is attached to or surrounded by the gametophyte. Siphonogamy is a condition in plants in which pollen tubes are developed for the transfer of the male cells to the eggs. [48][self-published source? what is the difference between an embryophyte and a spermatophyte. 1. it is dependent upon the gametophyte. As nouns the difference between spermatophyte and embryophyte. The major difference between streptophyte algae and embryophytes is the heteromorphic life history of the latter, i.e. Credit score to buy a second home Credit score requirements are slightly higher for second homes than for primary ones. They have usually been placed separately into three divisions under the assumption that the bryophytes are a paraphyletic (more than one lineage) group, but newer research supports the monophyletic (having a common ancestor) model. The Percentage Difference Calculator (% difference calculator) will find the percent difference between two positive numbers greater than 0. The embryophytes include trees, flowers, ferns, mosses, and various . Digswell Viaduct Walk, what is the difference between an embryophyte and a spermatophyte. Most bryophytes also have leaves, although these typically are one cell thick and lack veins. what is the difference between an embryophyte and a spermatophyte Even if a proper fertilization is an optimal way to obtain product improvement. Eukaryotic cells have many chromosomes which undergo meiosis and mitosis during cell division, while most prokaryotic cells consist of just one circular chromosome. The major difference between streptophyte algae and embryophytes is the heteromorphic life history of the latter, i.e. ADVERTISEMENTS: Learn about the comparison among bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms. This prepared them to tolerate a range of environmental conditions found on land. Vascular System: No Vascular System is present is bryophytes. Lyginopteridopsida Novk 1961 emend. [56], The euphyllophytes, making up more than 99% of living vascular plant species, have large 'true' leaves (megaphylls), which effectively grow from the sides or the apex, via marginal or apical meristems. Categories . Organisms living together in a tight interaction, with benefits for only one or few, but no costs for the other partners. [32][33] That the Zygnematales (or Zygnematophyceae) are the closest algal relatives to land plants was underpinned by an exhaustive phylogenetic analysis (phylogenomics) performed in 2014,[34] which is supported by both plastid genome phylogenies[35] as well as plastid gene content and properties. Charcoalification results in preservation of most tissue with some bias away from parenchyma. Vivamus posuere sed, erat. The spermatophytes, which means "seed plants", are some of the most important organisms on Earth.Life on land as we know it is shaped largely by the activities of seed plants. two types of embryophytes. The streptophyte algae (i.e. 1. The embryo, which is called the "plantlet" or "prothallus," may be found in a number of different places on the parent plant, including: The leaves; stems; roots; and flowers (in some cases). Cannabis growing associate different microbes to differential acquisition of nutrients. The sporophyte can be viewed as forming from the zygote by the delay of meiosis and spore production. The gametes consist of flagellated sperm, which . Some propose an origin of embryophytes, tracheophytes, and euphyllo-phytes (ferns + spermatophytes) in the Precambrian, ~700- 600 million years ago (Ma), whereas others have estimated younger dates, ~440-350 Ma. The difference in spermatophytes and bryophytes is that the spermatophytes are "baby sperm" , cells that eventually will make sperm in any organism. Tree ferns had originated independently from the distinct lineages and were well established during the late Carboniferous to Triassic periods, but many of them became extinct in the late Permian period (Large and Braggins, 2004; Cleal and . They have not spread into marine environments (only a few stoneworts, which belong to this group, tolerate brackish water). June . Older morphological studies believed in a close relationship between the gnetophytes and the angiosperms,[4] in particular based on vessel elements. development of the zygote towards an embryo and a diploid sporophyte generation. However, molecular studies (and some more recent morphological[5][6] and fossil[7] papers) have generally shown a clade of gymnosperms, with the gnetophytes in or near the conifers. Water has been described as "the stuff of life." Advertisement Answer 5.0 /5 6 belgrad Answer: Tracheophytes have roots, stems and leaves. The sporophyte has two kinds of spore-forming organs (sporangia). [37][38], Studies based on morphology rather than on genes and proteins have regularly reached different conclusions; for example that neither the monilophytes (ferns and horsetails) nor the gymnosperms are a natural or monophyletic group. It takes the Whole Width available on the screen. Spermatophyte is another term from phanerograms which are the seeded plants- gymnosperms and angiosperms. Embryophyta is a major grouping of plants, sometimes known as "land plants," that includes both the non-vascular bryophytes ( mosses, hornworts, and liverworts) and the vascular land plants, which are those so familiar with their vascular system and true roots, leaves, and stems, such as the ferns, flowering plants, conifers, and . vascular tissue is absent in bryophytes . jason's deli pomegranate blueberry drink ingredients. ADVERTISEMENTS: Learn about the comparison among bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms. During the gametophyte stage, haploid gametes (male and female) are formed in the specialized sex organs: the antheridia (male) and archegonia (female). WaterTank will model a tank that has a specified capacity, and a current water level. Plants reproduce via asexual reproduction as well as via sexual reproduction. In mathematical calculations they're used to indicate that one number is less than or greater than another. All embryophytes ("land plants;" a term which includes mosses, liverworts, ferns, and all seed-bearing plants) have bodies that are partitioned into numerous cells, each cell being bounded by a cellulose-rich cell wall (see CELL WALLS AND FIBERS | Cell Walls ). The name derives from their innovative characteristic of nurturing the young embryo sporophyte during the early stages of its multicellular development within the tissues of the parent gametophyte. This broad conception of plants is justified on the grounds that most multicellular, attached photosynthesizers represent symbiotic relationships, whether they be between an animal and a single-celled guest or between an alga or embryophyte and a fungus or bacterium. Credit score to buy a second home Credit score requirements are slightly higher for second homes than for primary ones. The seed plants are siphonogamous, while in the lower plants the male cells usually swim to the eggs. Embryophyte. Abstract. The chlorophytes are considerably more diverse (with around 700 genera) and were originally marine, although some groups have since spread into fresh water. Instead of meiosis, the zygote undergoes numerous mitotic divisions, which result in the development of a separate entity. what is the difference between an embryophyte and a spermatophyte by mobile homes for sale by owner in columbia, missouri Vascular System: No Vascular System is present is bryophytes. Bryophyte Life Cycle. 3. walls and led to the differences in wall composition between groups of extant land plants that will be discussed in this review. They have small leaves, often called 'microphylls' or 'lycophylls', which are borne all along the stems in the clubmosses and spikemosses, and which effectively grow from the base, via an intercalary meristem. Like all the preceding groups, the monilophytes continue to use spores as their main method of dispersal. and differences exist between and within major embryophyte groups. Pollen grains can also transfer to an ovule of the same plant, either with the same flower or between two flowers of the same plant (self-fertilization). The classification "embryophytes" refers to the evolution of the embryo, a zygote that is retained and nourished by the female gametophyte as it grows. Other Comparisons: What's the difference? dawson mercer related to rick mercer 302 with gt40p heads horsepower what is the difference between an embryophyte and a spermatophyte. In these locations, it will grow into a new plant Tracheophyte, meaning "tracheid plant . Saprophytic phase is dominant in life cycle of spermatophytes while gametophytic phase is dominant in life cycle of bryophytes. Plant mitochondrial DNA evolution. pteridophyte and spermatophyte. Terrault, N. A., et al. chicago modern home builders; mexico yemen relations; why are rainfall measurements expressed in terms of depth; dank memer level up rewards 2021; how to detect k2 sprayed on paper ber das natrliche System der Organismen. These are traits that appear to be plesiotypic within the land plants, and thus were common to all early diverging lineages of plants on the land. Complete it . camco rv water filter instructions / lake eufaula ok water temperature / what is the difference between an embryophyte and a spermatophyte. In common with all groups of multicellular algae they have a life cycle which involves 'alternation of generations'. In these locations, it will grow into a new plant Complete mitochondrial genome sequences are now available for representatives of all major clades of land plants except for the ferns (monilophytes). So, the correct option is 'Gymnosperms'. The cell wall is one of the defining characteristics of plants and is a fundamental component in normal growth and development. The main difference between Thallophyta Bryophyta and Pteridophyta is that the plant body of Thallophyta is a thallus while the plant body of Bryophyta shows stem-like, root-like, and leaf-like structures and the plant body of Pteridophyta is differentiated into true stem, root, and leaves. recent report it was shown that pteridophyte and spermatophyte walls . All three bryophyte groups share a haploid-dominant (gametophyte) life cycle and unbranched sporophytes (the plant's diploid structure). [13] Living embryophytes therefore include hornworts, liverworts, mosses, lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and flowering plants. The ferns are a large group included under pteridophytes. Sporangium: Sporangium is dehiscent . The land plants or embryophytes, more formally Embryophyta or Metaphyta, are the most familiar group of plants. Some propose an origin of embryophytes, tracheophytes, and euphyllo-phytes (ferns + spermatophytes) in the Precambrian, ~700- 600 million years ago (Ma), whereas others have estimated younger dates, ~440-350 Ma. Comparison # Bryophytes: 1. recent report it was shown that pteridophyte and spermatophyte walls . [2] This gave rise to a series of evolutionary changes that resulted in the origin of seed plants. Runcaria sheds new light on the sequence of character acquisition leading to the seed. This chapter examines the differences in physiology among embryophytes and their algal ancestors, with particular emphasis on their water relations. Alsophila spinulosa is a palm-like tree fern with a large erect rhizome, belonging to order Cyatheales, family Cyatheaceae (PPG I, 2016). The sporophyte can be viewed as forming from the zygote by the delay of meiosis and spore production. Introduction. The sporophyte is the dominant generation, and in modern species develops leaves, stems and roots, while the gametophyte remains very small. Genera such as Horneophyton have water-conducting tissue more like that of mosses, but a different life-cycle in which the sporophyte is more developed than the gametophyte. The precise relationships within the streptophytes are less clear as of March2012[update]. Bryophytes are embryophytes that are non-vascular i.e., they have no xylem and phloem. You may see rough, leathery patches that are sometimes dark. The plant's haploid phase is called gametophyte and the diploid phase is called the sporophyte. The statistical 'invariance' of the biomass-partitioning patterns observed across all streptophytes (= charophycean algae + embryophytes) is consistent with the fact that these plants constitute a monophyletic group and thus may reflect a deeply embedded developmental repertoire that transcends the genomic and ecological differences between . Consider the angiosperms or flowering plants. What matters is that the organism fixes carbon by means of energy from the sun. The gametes consist of flagellated sperm, which . Tracheophyte, meaning "tracheid plant . For example, Fannie Mae sets its minimum FICO at 620 for primary home purchase loans with at least 25 percent down and 640 for vacation homes with the same down payment. ), An updated phylogeny of Embryophytes based on the work by Novkov & Baraba-Krasni 2015[45] and Hao and Xue 2013[46] with plant taxon authors from Anderson, Anderson & Cleal 2007[47] and some clade names from Pelletier 2012 and others. amentum annual revenue; [57] Others have questioned whether megaphylls developed in the same way in different groups. Embryophyta is a clade within the Phragmoplastophyta, a larger clade that also includes several groups of green algae including the Charophyceae and Coleochaetales. what is the difference between an embryophyte and a spermatophyte. 1 See answer Advertisement belgrad Answer: Embryophyte also known as land plants are the plants, in which zygote develops into an embryo and includes includes gymnosperms, angiosperms, bryophytes and pteridophytes. ADVERTISEMENTS: Learn about the comparison among bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms. What matters is that the organism fixes carbon by means of energy from the sun. However, one non-embryophyte streptophyte clade was nested in the clade comprising BAM1, BAM3 and BAM10. vascular tissue is absent in bryophytes . PoGO D was spermatophyte-specific but lacked genes from monocots, which suggests these genes were specifically lost in the monocot lineage. Extant seed plants are divided into five groups: Phylogeny, evolutionary history and classification. A middle Devonian (385-million-year-old) precursor to seed plants from Belgium has been identified predating the earliest seed plants by about 20 million years. Embryophytes also differ from algae by having metamers. ADVERTISEMENTS: Learn about the comparison among bryophytes, pteridophytes and gymnosperms. Furthermore, sporophytes are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes. The sporophyte remains small and dependent on the parent gametophyte for its entire brief life. The bryophyte life-cycle is strongly dominated by the haploid gametophyte generation. [citation needed] Alternatively, the embryophytes can be sunk into a monophyletic taxon comprising all the streptophytes, as shown below. pteridophyte and spermatophyte. [54] One theory is that megaphylls developed from three-dimensional branching systems by first 'planation' flattening to produce a two dimensional branched structure and then 'webbing' tissue growing out between the flattened branches. Like the vascular plants, bryophytes do have differentiated stems, and although these are most often no more than a few centimeters tall, they do provide mechanical support. In gymnosperms, the ovules or seeds are not further enclosed. [44] (More complex classifications are needed if extinct plants are included. The bryophyte lifecycle consists of alternating generations between the haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte. The <div> tag is a block-level element that only represents its child elements and doesn't have a special meaning. Bryophyte Life Cycle. All embryophytes ("land plants;" a term which includes mosses, liverworts, ferns, and all seed-bearing plants) have bodies that are partitioned into numerous cells, each cell being bounded by a cellulose-rich cell wall (see CELL WALLS AND FIBERS | Cell Walls ). 2004). Leaf: No circinate vernation in young leaf ADVERTISEMENTS: 4. As a consequence, the spermatophytes were sometimes called siphonogams. Even if a proper fertilization is an optimal way to obtain product improvement. Accordingly, they are often called land plants or terrestrial plants. With very few exceptions, embryophytes obtain their energy by photosynthesis, that is by using the energy of sunlight to synthesize their food from carbon dioxide and water. Last edited on 10 February 2023, at 04:01, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Embryopsida, a new name for the class of land plants", "Un esbozo de clasificacin de los organismos", "The taxa of the higher plants above the rank of order", "The Interrelationships of Land Plants and the Nature of the Ancestral Embryophyte", "The hornworts: morphology, evolution and development", "Plant evolution: landmarks on the path to terrestrial life", "Xyloglucan evolution and the terrestrialization of green plants", "Phragmoplastin, green algae and the evolution of cytokinesis", "Invasions of the Algae - ScienceNOW - News - Science", "All Land Plants Evolved From Single Type of Algae, Scientists Say", "Phylotranscriptomic analysis of the origin and early diversification of land plants", "From algae to angiospermsinferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes", 10.3159/1095-5674(2006)133[119:PATBOS]2.0.CO;2, "Chloroplast Phylogeny Indicates that Bryophytes Are Monophyletic", "Plastid phylogenomic analysis of green plants: A billion years of evolutionary history", Phylogenomic Evidence for the Monophyly of Bryophytes and the Reductive Evolution of Stomata, "Phylogeny and evolution of ferns (monilophytes) with a focus on the early leptosporangiate divergences", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Embryophyte&oldid=1138523416, This page was last edited on 10 February 2023, at 04:01. Instead of meiosis, the zygote undergoes numerous mitotic divisions, which result in the development of a separate entity. Metamers are repeated units of development, in which each unit derives from a single cell, but the resulting product tissue or part is largely the same for each cell. Leaf: No circinate vernation in young leaf ADVERTISEMENTS: 4. Pteridophytes a re most advanced cryptogams. Pay attention to the names of the private variables in the code. Embryophyte. Get 1-on-1 help from an expert tutor now. vascular plant, also called tracheophyte, any of some 260,000 species of plants with vascular systems, including all of the conspicuous flora of Earth today. Views have changed considerably since 2000 and classifications have not yet caught up. Published by at February 16, 2022. recent report it was shown that pteridophyte and spermatophyte walls . Paypal No Interest 12 Months, (See the phylogeny above.). [55], Although the living lycophytes are all relatively small and inconspicuous plants, more common in the moist tropics than in temperate regions, during the Carboniferous period tree-like lycophytes (such as Lepidodendron) formed huge forests that dominated the landscape. ADVERTISEMENT Difference Between Cryptogams and Phanerogams They are called 'land plants' because they live primarily in terrestrial habitats, in contrast with the related green algae that are primarily aquatic. [42] Palaeobotanists have usually followed Banks in treating the tracheophytes or vascular plants as a division,[43] so that the angiosperms become a class or even a subclass. Regardless of their evolutionary origins, the bryophytes are usually studied together because of their many biological similarities as non-vascular land plants. What is the difference between an Embryophyte and a Spermatophyte? The cell wall is one of the defining characteristics of plants and is a fundamental component in normal growth and development. Correlation between the rates of genome size evolution and speciation within 276 embryophyte families , and rates were estimated for higher-level clades. The CSL A group included genes from all embryophyte lineages. what is the difference between an embryophyte and a spermatophyte. liberal senators for victoria; eddie mitchell bournemouth All the streptophyte algae can be grouped into one paraphyletic taxon, as in the middle, allowing the embryophytes to form a taxon at the same level. what is the difference between an embryophyte and a spermatophyte. what is the difference between an embryophyte and a spermatophyte . The lycophytes or lycopodiophytes modern clubmosses, spikemosses and quillworts make up less than 1% of living vascular plants. Some species do grow a filamentous network of horizontal stems, but these have a primary function of mechanical attachment rather than extraction of soil nutrients (Palaeos 2008). what is the difference between an embryophyte and a spermatophyte. Still stuck? [12] The Embryophyta consist of the bryophytes plus the polysporangiophytes. Correlation between the rates of genome size evolution and speciation within 276 embryophyte families , and rates were estimated for higher-level clades. The key difference between sporophyte and gametophyte is that the sporophyte is a diploid structure that participates in asexual reproduction while the gametophyte is a haploid structure that participates in sexual reproduction of plants. [20] They are eukaryotic, with a cell wall composed of cellulose and plastids surrounded by two membranes. Thus, expansion of this clade might be a read-out of spermatophyte-specific additions to the ancient set of proteins relevant to lipid droplet formation and function (de Vries and Ischebeck, 2020). The tiny gametophyte inside the pollen grain then produces sperm cells which move to the egg cell and fertilize it. . Embryophyte cells also generally have an enlarged central vacuole enclosed by a vacuolar membrane or tonoplast, which maintains cell turgor and keeps the plant rigid. Major differences in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid-derived compounds occur in distinct lineages of land plants. As nouns the difference between spermatophyte and embryophyte is that spermatophyte is (botany) any plant that bears seeds rather than spores while embryophyte is (biology) any member of the subkingdom embryophyta ; most land plants. Given that a well-founded understanding of land plant phylogeny has developed over the recent years, we . The Embryophyta (/mbrift, -ofat/), or land plants, are the most familiar group of green plants that comprise vegetation on Earth. The land plants have diplobiontic life cycles and it is accepted now that they emerged from freshwater, multi-celled algae.[14]. ADVERTISEMENTS: 2. Gametophytes, on the other hand, are haploid and have only one set of chromosomes. As nouns the difference between spermatophyte and bryophyte is that spermatophyte is (botany) any plant that bears seeds rather than spores while bryophyte is (botany) any plant of the division bryophyta, defined sensu lato to comprise the mosses, liverworts and hornworts and corresponding to all embryophytes that are not vascular plants. Sporangium: Sporangium is dehiscent . Spermatophyte vs Embryophytes Plants are predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae.Historically, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi; however, all current definitions of Plantae exclude the fungi and some algae, as well as the prokaryotes (the archaea and bacteria).By one definition, plants form the clade Viridiplantae (Latin name for . Thomas, D. L., et al. Organisms living together in a tight interaction, with benefits for only one or few, but no costs for the other partners. Some closely related green algae are also non-vascular, but are not considered "land plants". Fresh water living made them tolerant of exposure to rain; living in shallow pools required tolerance to temperature variation, high levels of ultra-violet light and seasonal dehydration.[29]. recent report it was shown that pteridophyte and spermatophyte walls contain They have xylem tissue that transports water and food to tissue called phloem. In spite of large differences in absolute timing, there is agreement that the major lin- The bryophyte lifecycle consists of alternating generations between the haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte. The spermatophytes, which means "seed plants", are some of the most important organisms on Earth.Life on land as we know it is shaped largely by the activities of seed plants. the alternation between a multicellular haploid gametophyte and a multicellular diploid sporophyte; Fig. Today it is widely accepted that land plants (embryophytes) evolved from streptophyte algae, also referred to as charophycean algae. Jul 2, 2022 . All streptophyte algae are haplonts with the zygote being the only diploid cell, which immediately undergoes meiosis (resulting in four meiospores). [61] A stereotypical fern has broad, much divided leaves, which grow by unrolling. There is more oxygen in air than water Land organisms must dissolve gasses (O2, CO2) in water for it to cross the exchange membrane. In many land plants, such as the seed plants, the embryo will remain . 'green plants'). All streptophyte algae are haplonts with the zygote being the only diploid cell, which immediately undergoes meiosis (resulting in four meiospores). All other living groups of land plants have a life cycle dominated by the diploid sporophyte generation. In plants, the mitochondrial DNA has evolved in peculiar ways. All streptophyte algae are haplonts with the zygote being the only diploid cell, which immediately undergoes meiosis (resulting in four meiospores). It can also cause. They are limited by their reliance on water needed to disperse their gametes, although only a few bryophytes are truly aquatic. A waxy layer called a cuticle helps to hold in the water. (2018). Bryophyte Life Cycle. According to several molecular clock estimates the Viridiplantae split 1,200million years ago to 725million years ago into two clades: chlorophytes and streptophytes. development of the zygote towards an embryo and a In common with all groups of multicellular algae they have a life cycle which involves 'alternation of generations'. coat of arms of netherlands. Runcaria has all of the qualities of seed plants except for a solid seed coat and a system to guide the pollen to the seed. A Sheriff is generally (but not always) the highest, usually elected, law-enforcement officer of a county. Sporophytic Plant Body: In bryophytes, monosporangiate thalloid or foliose; roots are absent. The dominant phase in bryophyte is gametophyte while the dominant phase in pteridophyte is sporophyte. [36], The preponderance of molecular evidence as of 2006 suggested that the groups making up the embryophytes are related as shown in the cladogram below (based on Qiu et al.